(1) JAVA

Java is a high level programming language which was designed by James Gosling. Java can be considered both a compiled and an interpreted language because its source code is first compiled into a binary byte-code. This byte-code runs on the Java virtual machine  (JVM), which is usually a software-based interpreter. Java is a multi – paradigm programming language .

Paradigm of Java : Java is the object oriented programming language. Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

History :-

Java was created at Sun Microsystems, INC. where James Gosling led a team of researchers in an effort to create a new language that would allow consumer electronic devices to communicate with each other. Work on the language began in 1991, and before long the team’s focus changed to a new niche , the World Wide Web. Java was first released in 1995, and Java’s ability to provide interactivity and multimedia showed that it was particularly well suited for the Web.

There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:

  1. It must be simple, object oriented, and familiar.
  2. It must be robust  and secure.
  3. It must be architecture-neutral and portable.
  4. It must execute with high performance.
  5. It must be interpreted, threaded and dynamic.

Examples of Digital product Created by Java

 Java has been used for scientific applications , gaming applications , enterprising application, business applications, mobile applications and for a lot more. there are a few examples of use of java in the development of mobile applications such as Spotify, Netflix, Google Earth, Uber, Opera Mini, Nasa, Wikipedia Search, Think Free Office, and several others.

(2) C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

C++ is general purpose programming language  created by Danish computer scientist Bjrane Strousrup  as an extension of the C programming language , or “C with classes”. The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It is almost always implemented as  as a compiled language , and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation , LLVM,  Microsoft , Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM, so it is available on many platforms. C++ is a sophisticated, efficient, general-purpose programming language. The free-form, statically-typed, multi-paradigm, and typically compiled programming language is most suitable for intermediate-level programmers. However, those who want to start their programming journey with C++ will find that they can quickly learn programming concepts that will carry them a long way in their career.

HISTORY:

  In the early 1970s, Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories was engaged in a project to develop a new operating system.  Ritchie discovered that in order to accomplish his task he needed the use of a programming language that was concise and that produced compact and speedy programs. This need led Ritchie to develop the programming language called C.

     In the early 1980’s, also at Bell Laboratories, another programming language was created which was based upon the C language.  This new language was developed by Bjrane Strousrup  and was called C++.  Stroustrup states that the purpose of C++ is to make writing good programs easier and more pleasant for the individual programmer.  When he designed C++, he added OOP (Object Oriented Programming) features to C without significantly changing the C component.  Thus C++ is a “relative” (called a superset) of C, meaning that any valid C program is also a valid C++ program.

     There are several versions of the C++ language, of which Visual C++ is only one.  Other dialects include Borland C++, Turbo C++, and Code Warrior (Mac).  All of these software packages enable you to create computer programs with C++, but they all implement the C++ language in a slightly different manner.  In an attempt to maintain portability of both the C and C++ languages, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) developed a standard of consistency for C and C++ programming.  While we will be working primarily with this ANSI standard, we will also be examining the idiosyncrasies of Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0.

Paradigm of C++: C++ is also an imperative language, as it is essentially a direct linking child to C. C++ also swoops into the object-oriented programming paradigm, being one of the most classic examples of such a language that is still used today. C++ as a multi-paradigm programming language supports single or mixed approaches using Procedural or Object-oriented programming and mixing in utilization of Generic and even Functional programming concepts.

Examples of Digital Product created by C++:

C++ is used to develop the most popular web browsers we use today like:

  • Internet Explorer
  • Google Chrome
  • Mozilla Firefox
  • Safari
  • Netscape Navigator
  • Opera

C++ has a wide range of real-world applications, including the following:

  • Development of video games
  • Applications using graphical user interfaces
  • Databases and computer operating systems
  • Browsers on the internet
  • Computational and graphical methods
  • Banking
  • Cloud computing and distributed systems
  • Compilers
  • Embedded systems are systems that are integrated into a larger system.
  • Integrated software libraries for enterprises
  • Server applications on a large scale
  • Compilers of code

(3) JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is an object-oriented scripting language that is used to make websites interactive (e.g., having complex animations, clickable buttons, popup menus, etc.). There are also more advanced server-side JavaScript versions, such as Node.js, that allow you to add more functionality to a website than simply downloading files (such as real-time collaboration between multiple computers). JavaScript can be connected to the objects of its environment inside a host environment (for example, a web browser) to provide programmatic control over them.

HISTORY :-

JavaScript was created at Netscape Communications by Brendan Eich in 1995. Netscape and Erich designed JavaScript as a scripting language for use with the company’s flagship web browser, Netscape Navigator. Initially known as Live Script, Netscape changed the name to JavaScript so they could position it as a companion for the Java language, a product of their partner, Sun Microsystems. Apart from some superficial syntactic similarities, though, JavaScript is in no way related to the Java programming language. After its release, more and more browsers started adding JavaScript support. Still, for much of its history JavaScript was not regarded as a serious programming language. Its earliest releases suffered from notable performance and security issues, but developers had no alternatives. If they wanted to run programs in the browser, they had to use JavaScript. In 2008, the creation of Google’s open-source Chrome V8, a high-performance JavaScript engine, provided a crucial turning point for JavaScript. The subsequent proliferation of fast JavaScript engines made it possible for developers to build sophisticated browser-based applications with performance that competed with desktop and mobile applications.

Major Features of JavaScript:

  • Scripting Language
  • Event Handling
  • Light Weight
  • Object-oriented programming support
  • Functional Style
  • Platform Independent
  • Prototype-based
  • Interpreted Language
  • A sync Processing
  • Dynamic Typing

Programming Paradigm of JAVASCRIPT : It is a proto-typed, multi-paradigm scripting language that is dynamic, and supports object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. The most common and practical paradigms in JavaScript are Functional Programming and Object Oriented Programming which both when mastered, give developers the ability to write robust code in a way that may seem efficient to a specific program.

Examples of Digital product created by JavaScript: JavaScript is widely used for building websites and web applications. A few examples of digital products created by JavaScript are:

  • Web Development
  • Web Applications
  • Presentations
  • Server Applications
  • Web Servers
  • Games
  •  Art
  • Smartwatch Apps

Some famous websites built by the use of JavaScript are Google, YouTube, Facebook, Wikipedia, Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, Twitter, and LinkedIn and many more.

(4) PYTHON

Python is a high-level, general-purpose and a very popular programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability  with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically typed  and garbage collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms , including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and functional programming. It is often described as a “batteries included” language due to its comprehensive standard library. Python programming language (latest Python 3) is being used in web development, Machine Learning applications, along with all cutting edge technology in Software Industry. Python Programming Language is very well suited for Beginners, also for experienced programmers with other programming languages like C++ and Java.

HISTORY :

PYTHON  is a widely-used general-purpose, high-level programming language. It was initially designed by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and developed by Python Software Foundation. It was mainly developed for emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code.

In the late 1980s, history was about to be written. It was that time when working on Python started. Soon after that, Guido Van Rossum began doing its application-based work in December of 1989 at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) which is situated in the Netherlands. It was started firstly as a hobby project because he was looking for an interesting project to keep him occupied during Christmas. The programming language in which Python is said to have succeeded is ABC Programming Language, which had interfacing with the Amoeba Operating System and had the feature of exception handling. He had already helped to create ABC earlier in his career and he had seen some issues with ABC but liked most of the features. After that what he did was really very clever. He had taken the syntax of ABC, and some of its good features. It came with a lot of complaints too, so he fixed those issues completely and had created a good scripting language that had removed all the flaws. The inspiration for the name came from BBC’s TV Show – ‘Monty Python’s Flying Circus’, as he was a big fan of the TV show and also he wanted a short, unique and slightly mysterious name for his invention and hence he named it Python! He was the “Benevolent dictator for life” (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position as the leader on 12th July 2018. For quite some time he used to work for Google, but currently, he is working at Dropbox. 
The language was finally released in 1991. When it was released, it used a lot fewer codes to express the concepts, when we compare it with Java, C++ & C. Its design philosophy was quite good too. Its main objective is to provide code readability and advanced developer productivity. When it was released it had more than enough capability to provide classes with inheritance, several core data types exception handling and functions. 

Paradigms of Python Programming Language

Python  belongs to multi-paradigm: and they are functional, imperative, object-oriented, reflective, and structured. And this multi-paradigm enables programmers in using various programming styles to get their job done. As an “object oriented” programming language, Python supports all the core features of OOP such as abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance etc. The foundation of OOP is a Class. A class is defined to represent an object that can later be programmatically created and manipulated. The class definition consists of attributes (data) and methods (functions) that collectively define the configuration and behavior of an object.

Examples of Digital Product Created by PYTHON: There’s a list of some popular applications created by using Python:

  1. GUI-based desktop applications
  2. Graphic design, image processing applications, Games, and Scientific/ computational Applications
  3. Web frameworks and applications 
  4. Enterprise and Business applications 
  5. Operating Systems 
  6. Education
  7. Database Access
  8. Language Development 
  9. Prototyping 
  10. Software Development
  11.  Data Science and Machine Learning
  12. Scripting

A few most popular mobile applications created by Python:

  • Instagram
  • GOOGLE
  • Spotify
  • Netflix
  • Dropbox
  • Pinterest

(5) HTML

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a markup language that tells web browsers how to structure the web pages you visit. It can be as complicated or as simple as the web developer wants it to be. HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, wrap, or mark up different parts of content to make it appear or act in a certain way. The enclosing tags can make content into a hyperlink to connect to another page, italicize words, and so on.

HISTORY: In late 1992, during the WWW-talk a college student, Marc Andreessen made a brief appearance in which he introduced the idea of the <img> tag. However, the majority of web enthusiasts were opposed to this as it was pitched for advertising. Marc and the Mosaic Team took this upon themselves and implement this tag within their browser. Upon graduating in 1993, Marc and his colleague, Jim Clark, formed Mosaic Communications, which later became Netscape Communications Corp. in 1994. The company aimed to develop its browser along with the expansion of HTML tags. The browser they designed was extremely successful, to the point where many of the users thought Netscape invented the Web. Other browsers are unable to replicate features of Netscape’s browser, therefore, Netscape seems to be influential to the HTML standard at the time.

In early 1994, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group was also established to deal with HTML. They are the international standards and development body of the internet. It has consisted of an open community of internet enthusiasts who were concerned about the progression and operation of internet architecture.

In the same year, World Wide Web Consortium Forms was formed to fulfill the potential of the web by developing common protocols. It is an international joint run by educational institutes from USA, France, and Japan. W3C provides public documentation about the world wide web for developers and users and various examples to demonstrate the usage of web technology.

With the rapid growth of the internet, it had also increased the numbers of developers in the HTML working group. This had caused miscommunication due to slow and ineffective ways of communication; it had led the IETF to become disbanded in late 1995. As a result, in early 1996, a group of representatives from browser companies came together to form a dedicated league to standardizing HTML called the HTML Editorial Review Board (HTML ERB). It had become the new HTML working group to establish a common standard for HTML, therefore ending the era of subset HTML versions in each browser.

EXAMPLES of digital product created by HTML :

  • Website templates
  • Photoshop brushes
  • Shopify themes
  • E mail templates
  • PSD files
  • Vectors and illustration
  • E books
  • Social media image templates
  • Fonts
  • Printable